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Fearmongering and The Decision to File Bankruptcy

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The unknown is often fearful.

My colleague Peter Orville wrote

It is natural to be afraid of doing something you’ve never done before, like filing for bankruptcy protection. This is especially true if you’ve heard stories about why you shouldn’t file bankruptcy.

Peter has it right.  Some trepidation is natural.

My beef is that the fear of bankruptcy is promoted by those with something to gain by demonizing bankruptcy.

Fearmongers hope to profit

The stories about why you shouldn’t file are plants.

Not growing plants, but like planted evidence:  something intended to trap, decoy, or lure, as criminals.

It’s the creditors, their cohorts, the credit scoring folks, and the debt settlement companies who want you to think that filing bankruptcy is the end of life as we know it.

You know why they do it?

Each of those sources profit if consumers are scared off from filing bankruptcy.

If they can keep you paying the debt, whether or not you can ever pay it off, or keep you scared enough to pay them to make it go away, they prosper.

No one sits in judgment 

My charge to clients is that bankruptcy is not painful.  Or at least, any pain  you experience is self inflicted.

You can make yourself (or allow yourself) to feel as miserable and worthless as you choose to do so.  No one associated with the courts, including trustees, is judgmental.

A debtor does not have to justify his choice of bankruptcy relief and does not have to prove he is “worthy” of a discharge.  Eligibility for a discharge, even after bankruptcy reform, is presumed.

I have a perverse admiration for clients who have endured the pain and despair of financial distress for as long as most of them have before seeking me out.

But life does not have to be that way;  bankruptcy is an honest and effective choice.

There is nothing to be afraid of.

More

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Should You Pay Your Creditors Rather Than File Bankruptcy?

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bankruptcy alternative

Is there an alternative to bankruptcy, my clients often ask. Can I realistically avoid filing bankruptcy?

A fellow bankruptcy lawyer outlined what it takes to get out of debt without bankruptcy.

  • make more money;
  • spend less on today’s expenses; and
  • use all your savings to pay off debt.

If you could do all three,  for long enough, and, your debt isn’t too large, it probably works.

I want to pose the question: even if that’s possible, is it smart?

Cost of paying off debt

What do you forgo in that scenario?

If it’s travel; lattes; and premium cable that go, I’m OK with that.

But, what if the things you do without are emergency reserves; health insurance; and retirement savings?  I think that continuing to live on the financial edge is a poor choice.

One small glitch, car trouble, ill health, or fewer hours at work, and your fine and honorable plan to pay comes unraveled.

Make good decisions about your future

Whether your financial difficulty was caused by bad luck or bad choices, don’t make a bad decision, driven by pride, to compound the trouble by living without a safety net.

Studies prove being in debt makes you stupid

Too many of my clients arrive in my office with the conviction that they incurred this debt and, by damn, they want to repay it.

At some level, I applaud that desire. But what are the likely consequences of repaying that debt if it means making no provision for financial stability now and in the future?

Have you just traded one sort of bad situation for another?

Part of reforming your financial situation involves looking beyond this month’s bills to the needs of the next decade and beyond.

Lots of folks got into credit card debt focusing on their ability to make the monthly minimums, rather than on their ultimate ability to pay the debt off.  They forget that minimum payments on most credit cards are set to keep you in debt for a decade or more.

Particularly in times of profound economic uncertainty, consider the merits of a fresh start and a make a plan for financial self sufficiency.

More

Secret alternative to bankruptcy

How to evaluate your choices about debt

Leave a legacy not a pile of debt

What you keep despite bankruptcy

What’s So Scary About Bankruptcy?

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killer-scary-public domain_opt (1)

It’s Halloween and we indulge in make-believe scary moments and call it fun.

In real life,  even people up to their eyeballs in debt are scared witless by the thought of filing bankruptcy.

It frightens them more than haunted houses, ghouls, and blood-soaked bodies.

So really:  what’s so scary about filing bankruptcy?

Three unspoken fears about bankruptcy

Thirty eight years of talking with people who’d rather be anywhere other than meeting a bankruptcy lawyer lead me to a theory.

I think they fear

  • loss of control over financial affairs
  • the future with bankruptcy on their record
  • public exposure as a financial failure
Let’s look at each one, in broad daylight, and see if there is anything worthy of fright.

Loss of control

Filing bankruptcy passes nominal ownership of everything you have, outside of some kinds of retirement assets, to the Chapter 7 trustee for the benefit of your creditors.  Not really reassuring on its face.

But in the real world, nearly 98% of Chapter 7 cases are no asset cases.  That means that the debtor loses nothing to the bankruptcy trustee on behalf of creditors.

Either their possessions have little net value or an exemption protects the asset for the debtor’s benefit.

In some situations, it may be hard to tell what assets are worth or whether they are saleable.  The uncertainty makes it unpredicable to pass control to a trustee.

More about how Chapter 13 works

That’s a case for a Chapter 13.   In Chapter 13, the debtor keeps everything he wants to keep, and pays some fraction of their value to creditors, in cash, over time.

Stay in control of your assets in Chapter 13

The debtor proposes the plan, the debtor suggests the values, and the debtor can get out of bankruptcy if the case should take an unexpected and unwanted turn.

Debtor in control:  nothing to fear.

Future credit in doubt

The commercials that try to sell you some for-profit solution to your debt problem peddle fear.  They want you to think that you’ll never get credit again if you wipe out your debts in bankruptcy.

Or, they tell you, it will be 10 years before you can get credit.

Nonsense.

Bankruptcy makes you almost instantly a better credit risk than you were before you filed.  Huh?  It’s because there are fewer demands on your income.

Bankruptcy impacts the cost of credit.  Close in time to your filing, credit is more expensive.  All other things being equal, the increased cost of borrowing goes down as you get farther from the bankruptcy.

Credit heals with time

The availability of credit and its cost depends on many factors and no one can predict all of them for some unknown point in the future.

What is almost universally true is that, loaded with debt, you probably couldn’t get more credit now even if you didn’t file for bankruptcy.

Public exposure

Bankruptcy can seem like the modern day equivalent of the public stocks, where those who misbehaved were exposed to public ridicule.  That view of bankruptcy is mostly in your imagination.

Bankruptcy cases are in the public record, and anyone who wants to find out can find out.

But tell me, how much time do you spend figuring out which of your neighbors and coworkers have filed bankruptcy?

You would also be surprised at how many people, famous and anonymous, have filed bankruptcy.  They still have friends, homes, cars, jobs, and community respect.

Studies show that job loss, divorce, and illness account for a large percentage of debts leading to bankruptcy.

You won’t find yourself alone if you take the step to do something about your debt problem.

What's so scary about bankruptcy?Not so scary

So, savor the frightful and the scary on Halloween.

Don’t carry that false fear over into your financial life.

Bankruptcy is nothing to be afraid of.

Instead, be afraid of not fixing a problem that has a solution.

More

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Image courtesy of insidethemagic.

The Worst Reason To Settle Debts Rather Than File Bankruptcy

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settle or file bankruptcyThe guy with an old debt asked if bankruptcy or debt settlement would cause greater damage to his “credit”.

The money advice columnist gave the right answer to the wrong question.

She got it backwards. So did the man with the question.

She advised that bankruptcy was more damaging given that the nagging debts were already three years old and would drop off his credit report in four years, whereas bankruptcy would show for seven to ten years from the bankruptcy filing.

Right, assuming that your credit history is the important issue.

But your credit record is a sideshow in life.

Dealing with old debt

I would challenge the question the way the guy phrased the question in the first place.

When you look at the alternatives to debts you can’t pay, I think the first concern should be for your balance sheet.

Which of the alternatives makes you better off NOW, not when you want to incur more debt in the future.

For the man writing in about settling a $13,000 debt for $5,000, I would have a series of questions that didn’t center on his ability to get new credit.

  • How old are you?
  • Do you support others?
  • Do you have any emergency savings?
  • How are you doing on retirement savings?
  • Got health insurance?

If he is young, single, and employed with a bit of money in the bank, perhaps paying $5,000 to make eliminate a $13,000 debt is a good deal.

If he’s middle aged, supporting children or aged parents, and living paycheck to paycheck, I would be inclined to suggest there are better uses for $5000.  At the most basic level, put it in an IRA, and your creditors can’t take it.

If he’s approaching retirement and looking at a future of reduced income and with  little need for future credit, chances are that there are crying needs for that $5000 other than dealing with an old debt.

It’s not about the credit score

As you can see,settlement versus  bankruptcy is not just a matter of which impacts your credit record more negatively.

The decision needs to take in your ability to spend money on old debts when faced with current and future demands on your assets.

It’s all backwards to think that protecting your credit record is the central issue..

More

Credit heals

Better to keep paying or file bankruptcy

Shore up your defenses against debt collectors

Image courtesy of Flickr and Luke Montague. 

 

 

 

Do California Seniors Need to File Bankruptcy?

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Rocking chair on the deck - Antigua, Mar 2010California, it turns out, is a great place to retire.

Not because of the cost of living, certainly.  In spite of the cost of living.

Because California exemptions are very generous to those of retirement age.

Those exemptions effectively make many indebted seniors collection-proof.

How exemptions protect seniors

Exemption laws come from the idea that, even if you owe money to creditors, a certain level of income and assets are protected from collection.

  • If you earn a wage, California law caps the amount of your wages that can be garnished at 25% of your after tax paycheck.
  • Pension income cannot be levied, before or after it’s paid to a retiree.
  • IRA’s are exempt to the extent necessary for support
  • The California homestead is $175,000 for individuals over 65
  • Social Security is exempt everywhere

It’s not hard to see that a California senior with home and retirement income might have nothing that a creditor with a judgment could reach.

That doesn’t mean that creditors will stop trying to collect.  They can bug a retiree, using shame, fear, and annoyance to get them to voluntarily pay a debt they owe.

But there may be no way for the creditor to compel payment of its claim at the present.

Is bankruptcy necessary

So, one of my tests for do you need to file bankruptcy  looks at whether bankruptcy would allow you to keep something that you might otherwise lose to a creditor who gets a judgment against you.

If the answer is yes, bankruptcy may be appropriate.

If the answer is no, it may be different.  If that creditor-with-a-judgment can’t tap your bank account or intercept your pension check, functionally, bankruptcy doesn’t make your situation any better.

You’re safe from your creditors.

Is bankruptcy helpful

But life isn’t all about money.  Peace of mind has a value not measured in dollars and cents.

For some seniors, the fact that they owe money they can’t pay is a source of stress.  Even when they know that the pushy, threatening collector can’t take anything from them, they lose sleep and emotional security.

Bankruptcy might have a benefit to those stressed out seniors, not because it’s necessary to preserve their assets, but because it’s necessary to for their peace of mind.

Bankruptcy and the next generation

Lots of elders are intent on leaving something financial to their heirs.

I hear it repeatedly from those getting along in age:  they want to leave their home to their kids.  They want to keep paying on a life insurance policy, even though no one is dependent on them for their care.  They are stretching themselves financially to give some value to their heirs.

Here’s where bankruptcy makes it possible to leave an inheritance to the next generation.

The exemptions that are available in bankruptcy are not available to a probate estate.  Probate will protect the homestead if there is a surviving spouse.  No surviving spouse who  needs the home to live in, and the home may be sold to pay the elder’s debts before anything goes to the offspring.

Most revocable trusts direct the successor trustee to pay the debts of the person who has passed away before distributing the trust estate to the beneficiaries.

Neither probate nor revocable trusts make it possible to avoid judgment liens that attach to homes.  Bankruptcy does.

So, by eliminating debts and perhaps liens as well, a senior intent on leaving a financial legacy to their survivors maximizes their gift by wiping out their debts during their life time.

Not a bad thing, perhaps.

More

Passing a home to kids without probate or risk

Image courtesy of Ed Yourdon and Flickr.

Does Bankruptcy Discharge A Judgment In California?

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Nothing gets someone into a bankruptcy lawyer’s office quicker than the prospect of losing a lawsuit and having a judgment entered against them.

Callers are frantic to see if they can file bankruptcy before judgment is entered.

They worry that once a judgment is entered, their options in bankruptcy vanish.

Not so.

The debt underlying a California judgment remains just as dischargeable as it was before the case was filed.

And,  a judgment in California does not automatically become a lien on the defendant’s property.

It takes another step in California for a money judgment to become a lien.  And as long as there is no lien, the debt is unsecured and  potentially dischargeable in bankruptcy.

Discharge turns on kind of debt

Contrary to what some dishonest debt collectors will tell you, judgments are just as dischargeable in bankruptcy as the underlying debt is.

Whether an unsecured debt can be discharged in bankruptcy looks at  the nature of the debt, not whether a court has ruled on the merits of the claim.

So,

  • Child support is non dischargeable, whether or not there is a judgment.
  • Debts incurred by fraud are non dischargeable in bankruptcy, if the creditor can prove fraud to bankruptcy standards.
  • Credit card debts honestly incurred are dischargeable, judgment or no.

Liens change everything

What does change the dynamic is an abstract of judgment or a notice of judgment lien.

These documents do create a lien on the judgment debtor’s assets.

Recording an abstract of judgment creates a lien on real property in the county in which it is filed.  A notice of judgment filed with the California Secretary of State creates a judgment lien on personal property located in the state.

If the lien cannot be avoided in bankruptcy, the judgment creditor has obtained an advantage.

What my friend Jay Fleischman’s post about civil judgments in New York and their bankruptcy implications points out is the way state law impacts the operation of federal bankruptcy law.

The rights that each party in a bankruptcy case brings to the bankruptcy case originate in state law.

It also demonstrates why lawyers are licensed in each state and why my California law license does not entitle me to practice bankruptcy law in New York.

And why bankruptcy is not a do-it-yourself project.

More

When you’re served with a lawsuit

Three debts bankruptcy doesn’t discharge

Everything you need to know about judgments

Wage garnishment survival guide

Who are the really scary creditors

Image in the public domain, courtesy of Wikimedia.

The Real Threat To Your Retirement Savings Isn’t Bankruptcy

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face in mirrorYour retirement accounts are safe from your creditors.

California state law and federal bankruptcy law protect your savings for retirement held in recognized retirement vehicles from levy or lien.

But retirement savings are at risk.

Look in the mirror.

The biggest threat to your retirement account isn’t your creditors, it’s you.

You are usually the only person who can withdraw money from an IRA or take a loan against your 401(k).

And your creditors would be happy to press you until you think that’s a good way out of a financial bind.

It is almost always a wretched idea.

M.O. of a debt collector

Debt collection through the courts is relatively inefficient and costly to the creditor.

Law suits require lawyers, filing fees, and a chance for the person sued to fight back.  And even with a judgment, exemptions protect some assets from lien or levy by the creditor with a judgment.

How judgments work

How much better and cheaper if the creditor can “persuade” you to dip into an account that a creditor with a judgment couldn’t get to in order to pay the bill.

Toward that end, the debt collector will try

  • annoyance,
  • shame, or
  • fear

Whatever the method, they ratchet up the pressure until you think it’s smart to rob your retirement funds to solve today’s problem.

Are retirement savings ever the right answer

My instinctual answer is “no”.

But individuals and their situations are so varied that a flat no is probably too broad.

But only a bit.

The questions I’d ask myself before raiding retirement savings include

  • How much working life do I have left to replenish my retirement
  • Do I have an employer retirement plan to rely on
  • Do I have other assets with equity to supplement retirement
  • Is the bill to be paid with retirement savings just part of a bigger problem

The last question is probably the most important.  Is resort to retirement savings a one time solution, or is it just the first, or the most recent, indicator that your bills are bigger than your ability to repay them?

If so, it’s time to talk with a bankruptcy lawyer.  Understand what your options are.  Look at the big picture that includes all of your debts and all of your assets.

You can probably find a better solution.

Image courtesy of Steve Calcott. 

My thanks to Peter Mullison, whose post on retirement savings and bankruptcy sparked this perspective on the problem.

Fear keeps folks from bankruptcy relief

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filing bankruptcy

Those who aren’t living the American dream of upward mobility and financial security seem to think that’s a matter for shame.

Perhaps the second most frequent question would-be clients ask me is whether the fact that they filed bankruptcy will be

  • in the paper,
  • disclosed to their employer, or
  • discovered by their family or friends.

A couple of objective observations are in order: a university study of some years ago found that one in seven American families would be better off if they would file bankruptcy.

Second, millions American families have filed bankruptcy. Chances are very good that serveral of the families around my petrified client have filed bankruptcy, unknownst to them.

The study about being “better off” resonates particularly with me, as I see individuals struggling to pay credit card debt, where the interest has tripled when a payment was late, while at the same time, they have no emergency cash reserves, no retirement savings, and no health insurance.

While their choices are noble, they aren’t wise.

These people live on the financial edge so that the credit card companies get their minimum payment.  They go without health care, an emergency fund, and even without food to honor their commitments.

I tell my questioner that bankruptcy is a matter of public record, so anyone who wants to find out who has filed can do so.

But, I ask, have you recently read the news of individual bankruptcy filings?

Such s not the fare of papers where I practice and they begin to realize how insignificant the fear of exposure is next to the financial realities of their situation.

The human creature is pretty amazing that it will live with the constant stress of overwhelming indebtedness rather than risk that others learn of its pain.

More

Debt is unhealthy

Debt makes you stupid

What’s life really like after bankruptcy

 

 

When to file bankruptcy

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when to file bankruptcyShould I wait until all of my savings are gone to file bankruptcy?, the caller asked.

And he didn’t mean, until my net worth is greatly reduced; he meant, until my bank balance is zero.

One has to admire the resolve of those who propose to pay on debts that they can never repay up to the point where they literally have nothing.

My advice, of course, is “no”.

There is no point in making further payments when you can see you’re heading for bankruptcy.

Bankruptcy exemptions allow you to keep a collection of assets necessary for a fresh start.  In California, we have exemptions that will even shelter meaningful cash in the bank.

In Chapter 13, you can keep everything you own.

There is not even a requirement  that you be destitute or even insolvent to file bankruptcy.  You simply need to be willing to play by the rules of the bankruptcy chapter you choose.

Those rules are centered on making full financial disclosure.

When to consider bankruptcy

The short answer is probably now.  If you are reading this, you probably wonder if bankruptcy could help you out of a hole.  Instead of wondering, see a bankruptcy lawyer. (I’ll tell you a secret:  bankruptcy lawyers don’t bite.)

So often I wish clients had come to me earlier: before they borrowed against their retirement to pay credit cards; before they took bad home loans that imperil their home; before they borrowed from one credit card to pay on another.

Don’t take big financial steps til you see a lawyer

The right time to consider bankruptcy is when you suspect that you can’t really repay your debts in full in 3-5 years, on your own.

Or, when the stress of being in debt interferes with your health or your relationships.  Or, when you have no reserves should things get worse. 

Stress kills

Seeing a bankruptcy lawyer doesn’t commit you to filing.  It just arms you with information about what your options are.

Most people who see a good bankruptcy lawyer are surprised that bankruptcy relief is relatively simply and very effective for almost everyone.

Information is power….become more powerful.

Read on

Picking a bankruptcy lawyer

Alternatives to bankruptcy

What you keep through bankruptcy

 

 

 

Debt Actually Makes You Stupid

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5175015713_3641d60dde_zIt’s easy to tell ourselves that getting into debt was stupid.

Maybe, maybe not.

Lots of debt happens without making bad decisions.  Think of medical bills. Natural disasters.  Divorce.

But regardless of how you got in debt, there’s more bad news.

Just being in debt makes you stupid.

Stupid, as in, your IQ goes down under the stress of being in debt.

Stupid, as in, you are likely to make poor choices about other life choices in addition to money.

Stress suppresses intelligence

Researchers at Harvard, Princeton and the University of Warwick found that financial worries impeded not just thinking about money issues, but also spatial and cognitive tests.

People worrying about having enough money to pay their bills tend to lose temporarily the equivalent of 13 IQ points, scientists found when they gave intelligence tests to shoppers at a New Jersey mall and farmers in India.

Image courtesy of Flickr and Manuel Scheikl.

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Suite 403
Redwood City, CA 94063
Phone: (650) 694-4700

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