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Bankruptcy Without A Discharge: Why Chapter 20 Works

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13 without discharge

What does a Chapter 13 bankruptcy get you if it doesn’t get you a discharge?

Lots, actually.

It’s complicated.  Powerful, but complicated.

Let’s see how all the parts interact when your Chapter 13 is filed before you’re eligible for a discharge.

Law limits discharge

The bankruptcy code doesn’t limit when you can file bankruptcy;  it limits when you can get a discharge in bankruptcy.  It imposes various interval between discharges in bankruptcy, depending on what kind of a case you filed first.

The nifty, marvelous, no discharge Chapter 7

The discharge is the court order at the end of the case that wipes out debts as a personal liability.  Bankruptcy “reform” in 2005 lengthened the intervals between discharges.

But nothing keeps you from filing a bankruptcy case, even when a prior discharge prevents a discharge in the new case.

More on Chapter 20.

And because not every debt nor every lien is wiped out in Chapter 7, there is often a need for a follow-on Chapter 13 to deal with the debts not discharged.

Automatic stay to the rescue

The debtor’s right to a stay of collection action exists, regardless of whether there will be a discharge at the end of the case.

So even a creditor who holds a debt not discharged in a previous Chapter 7 must cease collection when a new bankruptcy case is filed.

Different rules on automatic stay if the previous case was dismissed short of discharge

Important creditors paid first

Chapter 13 imposes a payment plan on creditors, willing or not.  The plan and the underlying law dictate which creditors get paid first through the plan.

The debts most likely to survive a Chapter 7 are recent taxes, family support and home loan delinquencies.

Bankruptcy law dictates the order in which creditors are paid by the Chapter 13 trustee.  Generally, secured creditors like mortgage lenders and taxing authorities with surviving liens are paid first by the Chapter 13 trustee.

That benefits the debtor who is often trying to hang on to a house or other assets that a secured creditor could otherwise foreclose or auction off.  It keeps the creditor with a non dischargeable debt that is low on the priority list, like a student loan or a restitution order, from garnishing wages or levying bank accounts.

Liens cut down to size

Liens of all kinds are unaffected by the discharge in Chapter 7, with a limited exception.  Avoiding judgment liens.

Chapter 13 lets you eliminate tax liens and judgment liens on any of your assets included in the bankruptcy without depending on your eligibility for a discharge.

Mortgage liens on your home get special protection under bankruptcy law; but a mortgage lien behind a senior lien that exceeds the value of the house can be stripped in 13 and nowhere else in the law.

Judges available for nasty fights

Bankruptcy judges stand by to consider and resolve disputes between creditors and the debtor.  In my world, that’s most often a fight between a mortgage servicer and the homeowner over what’s really owed on a home loan.

Resolution of that dispute doesn’t require a discharge, since the claim is likely secured by collateral.  The issues is how much is owed and can the servicer prove it.

That’s what judges are for.

And at the end of a 13 that cures mortgage default, the homeowner gets a determination about the true state of the debt via Rule 3002.1.

Value beyond discharge

There’s more to Chapter 13 than the discharge and it’s available without reference to prior bankruptcies.

 

 

 

Why Chapter 13 Is Grossly Misunderstood

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bankruptcy misunderstanding

The difference between bankruptcy’s Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 is often expressed this way:   

Liquidation: the process of turning assets into cash

Chapter 7 is a liquidation proceeding

Chapter 13 is a repayment plan

 

And therein lies the biggest misconception about Chapter 13:  13 does not repay everything you owe.

It’s a repayment plan alright, but not necessarily a 100% repayment .

You may not pay much at all, to any creditor.  It depends.

How much you repay

The amount you repay to creditors through your plan is determined by comparing

  • The equity in your assets not protected by an exemption
  • Your disposable income calculated by the means test
  • The total of priority, must-pay debts you have

Rough and dirty, you calculate the number for each of these factors, and your plan must pay the largest of the three tests.  That payment is spread over 3 to 5 years.

Which creditor gets 100%

Bankruptcy law gives special standing for repayment to two common kinds of creditors.

  • Family support (alimony, child support, or other Domestic Support Obligations)
  • Recent income taxes or payroll taxes

These creditors have a priority for payment,  ahead of all other unsecured creditors.  They get paid in full.  The interest that accrues on family support obligations even survives the Chapter 13 discharge.

Therefore, to get court approval of a plan, the plan payments must be sufficient to make these payments, along with any fees of the Chapter 13 trustee and any of your attorneys fees to be paid through the plan.

Unsecured creditors out of luck

The brutal truth is that general unsecured creditors holding medical bills, personal loans, judgments for money, and credit card debt may get nothing in Chapter 13.

That’s because the available money is paid first to priority claims and the costs of administration of the case.  So a debtor with little disposable income may propose a plan that pays only the costs of the plan and the priority creditors.

Chapter 13 makes creditors face reality

The strength of Chapter 13 is that it often forces unsecured creditors to accept that there simply isn’t enough money to pay their claim.

The bankruptcy schedules show it, and the bankruptcy judge enforces it.

It is that coercive effect that makes Chapter 13 so much more effective than debt settlement:  if the numbers support it, the plan can pay them little or nothing.

So, don’t be put off by the phrase “repayment plan”.

Chapter 13 pays creditors only what you can afford, over a limited period of time, in the order of the importance of the debt.

That’s why I love Chapter 13.

More

Debt settlement is a dud

How secured debt can scuttle a Chapter 13

What bankruptcy should cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4 Keys To Chapter 13 Success

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successful Chapter 13

How do I make a Chapter 13 plan that succeeds?

That’s important because a successful Chapter 13 lets you

keep your assets,

keep control of your income, and

discharge more debts than any other form of bankruptcy.

Yet a distressing number of Chapter 13’s fail before they reach the finish line.

Debtor writes the plan

One powerful characteristic of Chapter 13 is that the debtor writes the payment plan.

How Chapter 13 works

Not the judge, not the trustee, not some anonymous “they”.  You.

The court must confirm it, but creditors don’t have to like it or support it for it to become the order of the court.

The plan sets out how much money you will pay in every month, and tells the trustee whom to pay with that money.

So,  how do you craft a plan that you can follow and will get you to your goals?  What plan elements increase the odds of success?

1.  Don’t overreach

Biting off too much to chew (or really, to pay) dooms more Chapter 13 plans than anything else in the debtor’s control.

And that usually comes down to trying to save a house with a loan badly in arrears. Or, keeping a vehicle with a huge unpaid balance.

Bankruptcy allows you to choose whether to continue paying on debts secured by things you own.  Chapter 13 differs from Chapter 7 in that it provides you protection from creditors and a space to catch up on secured debts that are delinquent.

But some other debts must, by law, be paid in Chapter 13.  Child support and recent taxes are the two most frequent examples.  Those debts have a  priority under the law, and must be paid in full through the plan.

Since secured debts are usually paid first by the Chapter 13 trustee, the first dollars into your plan pay for those secured debts you choose to pay.

If  later you are unable to fund the plan, you can find yourself tossed out of bankruptcy, still behind on house and car, AND owing the feds and your ex.

Sometimes, the most valuable thing a bankruptcy provides is a chance to walk away from deals you can’t afford any longer.

2.  Be real about the cost of living

Bankruptcy is unlike many kinds  of legal representation where you can hand the problem to a lawyer and go on about your life.

Not in Chapter 13.

Chapter 13 requires that you help your lawyer present a budget for the life of your plan that is realistic.  Nothing good comes of estimating that you can feed a family of four on $200/month, or that you can operate an older car for just the price of gas.

Make unrealistic assumptions about ongoing living expenses, so that the plan appears to work, just pushes the next crisis a bit down the road.

Think about the real cost of running your house and nurturing your family.  Make provisions in the projected budget for those expenses that come around but not on a monthly schedule.

3.  Opt for automatic payments

Have your Chapter 13 payment automatically deducted from your paycheck, or your bank account, and you stand a far better chance of completing your plan.

It’s simply easier to look at what’s in the account and spend what’s available than it is to spend such that enough is left to make the Chapter 13 payment.

‘Nuff said.

4.  Cling to a capable lawyer

Your bankruptcy lawyer is yours for the duration of the plan.  Stay in touch.

Before there’s a crisis, or even a change that cramps your ability to make plan payments, pick up the phone.  Tell your lawyer what you’re facing.

Be proactive in solving problems before those problems prompt the Chapter 13 trustee to dismiss your case.

You may be eligible to reduce your payments, to surrender the collateral for some debt, or to suspend payments for a while.

If not, your choices may include converting to Chapter 7,  asking for a hardship discharge, or simply voluntarily dismissing your case.

Your lawyer can help you figure out which of the options works best for you.

Most problems in Chapter 13 are solved more effectively and more cheaply when you are proactive in facing those problems early.

Don’t be a stranger to your lawyer.

More

How to interview a bankruptcy lawyer

Why I love Chapter 13

If your Chapter 13 is in trouble

 

 

 

 

Who Gets A Slice Of The Bankruptcy Pie?

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pie-chart-pixabay_opt

“That woman filed a claim in our bankruptcy case, and we don’t owe her any money!”

The next line, or paragraph really, of my client’s email asked what was I, her bankruptcy lawyer, going to do about it.

The short answer was nothing.

Nada.

Not a thing.

I didn’t plan to do anything.

Because when you have a pot plan in Chapter 13, it doesn’t matter who files a claim or for how much.

You pay the same.

Pot or Percentage

When you choose Chapter 13, you get to set the terms of the plan.  The plan  tells creditors and the Chapter 13 how much money you’ll pay the trustee each month and how that money gets distributed.

The claims of creditors are categorized:  secured, priority, co signed, and general unsecured.

You can treat claims of the run-of-the-mill unsecured creditor in two different ways.  You can promise each unsecured creditor a certain percentage of their allowed claim:

Creditors holding unsecured claims shall receive 20% of their claim.

Or, you can propose a “pot” plan.  You fund a pot of a specified number of dollars, to be shared among unsecured creditors according to the percentage of the total claims represented by that creditor’s claim.

When filed claims differ

The difference between the two ways of stating your payment plan comes out when claims are actually filed.  (No creditor gets paid in Chapter 13 without filing a claim.) [Read more…]

Tax Deductions Hidden In Chapter 13

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taxesDon’t miss the tax deductions hiding in your Chapter 13 plan payments.

The same, very important debts that your Chapter 13 plan pays are often tax deductible.

And you are still the person who’s paying, even if the trustee writes the check.

Deductions in bankruptcy

Let’s look at some common deductions lurking in the Chapter 13 disbursements.

Mortgage interest  If your Chapter 13 plan is catching up on delinquent mortgage payments, the claim of the lender is probably mostly interest.

Taxes  Property taxes paid through the plan should be deductible.  Likewise, state income taxes paid by the trustee are deductible.

 Business expenses  If you operate a business in Chapter 13 or operated one before you filed, you may be paying business leases, sales taxes, or vendor debt through the plan.

Get the info you need

In my experience, you have to dig out the information on deductible payments;  I have not seen lenders sending 1098’s reporting mortgage interest paid to debtors when the checks come from the trustee.

Step by step to claiming the mortgage interest deduction

But most if not all Chapter 13 trustees are on the web, and debtors can access the trustees reports of which creditors have been paid this year.

Pull up the report of last year’s disbursements and flag the payments that are deductible.

Save the printout of the trustee’s report in case of question  by the taxing authority.  The IRS will not have gotten a matching report from the lender who got the money and hasn’t reported it to you and the IRS.

How to treat 1099’s on foreclosures and short sales

Go back to prior tax years

If your plan is paying deductible expenses and you’ve been in the bankruptcy case for several years, you may want to look at prior year trustee reports.  Overlooked deductions might justify going back to amend a prior return.

Tax returns are generally amendable for three years.

Check it out

Take this post with a grain of salt, or rather, take it to a tax professional.

I am a bankruptcy lawyer and what I know about taxes, I’ve learned on the job.  But I am convinced that Chapter 13 debtors are missing legitimate tax deductions by overlooking what the Chapter 13 trustee has paid on their behalf.

What your tax professional should know about tax and bankruptcy

Image courtesy of 401(k)calculator.org

Cut Tax Penalties In Bankruptcy

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redwood-pixabay_opt

Get in tax trouble and the penalties often grow huge.

What starts as a manageable problem can soon tower over you.

Breathe deep;  there is a solution.

Chapter 13 bankruptcy can cut tax penalties down to size.

All tax penalties discharged in 13

Old or new, large or small, Chapter 13 discharges all unsecured tax penalties.

In contrast, Chapter 7 discharges some tax penalties.

 Discharged are penalties for taxes that are themselves dischargeable.

Also dischargeable in Chapter 7 are penalties where the transaction or event that triggered the tax occurred more than three years before filing, whether or not the tax itself is dischargeable.  523(a)(7)(B).

That’s good, but if you are eligible, Chapter 13 is better.  All penalties are discharged.

Who can file Chapter 13

Chapter 13 is available to individuals (no corporations or LLC’s), with regular income, whose debts total less than the caps for secured and unsecured claims.

You know if you are a real person and whether you have regular income, so the thing that needs analysis is the allocation of your debts between those that are unsecured (the creditor has no lien on your assets) versus the debts for which there is a lien.

To be a secured claim in bankruptcy, that lien has to attach to an asset that has market value greater than any liens senior to it.

Tax liens don’t go to the head of the line just because they are debts owed to the government.  They fall in line behind any other lien holder who perfected their lien before.

Recent taxes must be paid

Chapter 13 plans are written by the person who has filed the bankruptcy case.  The Bankruptcy Code requires, however, that recent income taxes be paid in full through the plan.

Note that it is the TAX and the INTEREST on that tax that have to be paid during the life of the Chapter 13.

Penalties get treated just like personal loans, medical bills, and credit card debt:  what that class of creditors gets in the Chapter 13 is driven by the means test and the best interests of creditors test.   In most Chapter 13 plans, that’s little, or nothing.

Chapter 13 cuts those penalties down to size.

Tax liens whittled down

toothpicks-pixabay_optThe discussion above deals with unsecured taxes and tax penalties.  The rules change when a tax lien is filed.

At its simplest, a Chapter 7 discharge eliminates the IRS’s ability to levy your bank account or garnish your wages for taxes that have been discharged.

However, the Chapter 7 discharge doesn’t alter any tax lien recorded before the bankruptcy, even if the taxes themselves are discharged.

If the tax liability is discharged, any lien in place will not attach to assets you acquire after your bankruptcy is filed.

More about tax liens after bankruptcy

Chapter 13 does alter tax liens.  (See why I’m a fan of 13?)

Chapter 13 treats as a secured claim only that part of a lien that attaches to real value in the taxpayer’s assets.

Put bluntly, if you don’t have any assets, then the lien is worthless and will be voided at the conclusion of your Chapter 13 plan.

Oh, technically,  the tax lien may attach to your household goods, all right.  But those things have very little market value.

Pay the resale value of your pots and pans through the Chapter 13 plan, and the lien is deemed satisfied.

If you can’t cut a deal with the IRS that eliminates the tax penalties as part of an offer in compromise or payment plan, you have bankruptcy options for tax penalties.

More about Chapter 13

Get rid of credit card balances without paying interest

Why Chapter 13 Plans Fail

How Chapter 13 Works

Images courtesy of Pixabay. 

 

3 Real Reasons Chapter 13 Plans Fail

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chapter 13 success

Two out of three confirmed Chapter 13 cases fail.  Those are cases that met all the tests and got the judge’s OK.

And still they crater.

That’s a heap of people, deeply in debt, who don’t make it out of debt by using Chapter 13.

Arizona bankruptcy lawyer John Skiba has a theory about those failures:

  • Life
  • Lack of a lawyer
  • Luck of the trustee draw

I wouldn’t argue against any of John’s culprits:  none of the things he lists help a Chapter 13 debtor.

But I have an alternate set of reasons that those trying to reorganize their debt through Chapter 13 don’t make it to the end. [Read more…]

Chapter 13: Know Who Gets Paid First When You Make Your Plan

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The financial road isn't always smooth

Sometimes I think my client’s only touch with reality is in the form of  television shows.

And when reality hits them, it’s a trainwreck.

Think  Chapter 13 cases where my client wants to keep all of his assets with secured debts AND pay off back support or, more often, non dishchargeable taxes.

The Problem

Secured debts are things like car loans, home mortgages , and property taxes.

If you don’t pay a secured debt, the creditor has the right to take the asset that is the collateral.

More on secured debts in bankruptcy

In Chapter 13, you get a choice on secured debts:  you can cure any back payments through the Chapter 13 plan or you can surrender the asset.

If you surrender the collateral, you owe neither the back payments nor the payments that come due after you file bankruptcy.

Priority claims in a Chapter 13 must be paid in full over the life of the plan to get the discharge.

The debtor gets no choice.  Priority claims are usually income taxes and family support.

The zinger is that the Chapter 13 trustee generally pays the secured claims first.

Over optimism

So here’s the dilemma.  It’s hard to decide to give up houses and cars.  You’ve usually got some part of yourself invested in the choice.

Even if the car is a gas guzzler or the house burdened with a bad loan or too little value, it’s tempting to assume you can gut it out. Make up the back payments over five years and have something at the end.

When the collateral is a toy, a boat or bike, or a rental home, you spin yourself messages of entitlement or future appreciation.

You commit in your plan to pay both the secured claims and the priority claims within the five year limit of a chapter 13 plan.

You look at your budget and it works, barely.  You can project enough money to do it all within five years.

Hit a bump

But then, mid plan, life intervenes.  Your work hours are reduced.  The car breaks down.  A family member gets sick.

And all of a sudden, there isn’t enough money to make the plan payments that get you everything.

Worse, what you’ve paid into the plan has gone for things you didn’t have to pay for:  the Harley, the underwater rental, the house that’s too expensive.  The trustee’s order of distribution puts the debts that won’t go away behind the options you chose.

Depending on how significant the loss of income or increased expenses, you may be able to recover.

But maybe not.

Plan for the unexpected

When making choices at the beginning of a Chapter 13, don’t assume that everything in your financial life going forward will be uniformly stable or improving.

Where you will be if there is a major negative event in your life?  Have you taken care of the most important debts first?

Or does the overly optimistic plan you propose have you continuing to live on the financial edge?

Image courtesy of Flickr and  bwats2.

Protecting Your Co signor When You Can’t Pay

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cosigned loans

Cosigning a loan links you and your cosignor together for the life of the debt.

If you get in financial trouble, your troubles are your co signor’s troubles too.

If you can’t pay your debts, the standard bankruptcy discharge will get rid of your debt, but it doesn’t help your co signor.

Even while you are protected in bankruptcy by the automatic stay, keeping collectors at bay, and by the discharge at the end of the case, anyone who cosigned for you is exposed.

But Chapter 13 isn’t the “standard” bankruptcy.  It has a special protection for people whose debts are co signed.

Automatic stay covers co signors

Unique to Chapter 13, Section 1301 of the Bankruptcy Code extends the protection of the automatic stay to those who are jointly liable with the debtor on consumer debts.

To qualify, the debt must be for a personal or household purpose.  

So a cosigned car loan is covered;

A cosigned business lease is not.

The benefits of the loan must have flowed to the person who filed bankruptcy.  If you co signed a loan made to a friend, your friend isn’t protected by your Chapter 13 stay.

Finally, to keep the stay in place, the Chapter 13 plan must provide for payment in full of the debt.

Co signed debts get preference

Chapter 13 plans are normally required to treat all unsecured, non priority debts the same.  Each of the general unsecured claims gets the same percentage payment through the plan.

But cosigned debts are excepted.  

The debtor can treat the cosigned debt differently and better than other debts.

It’s OK to separately classify a co signed debt and pay it in full, while other debts get little or nothing in Chapter 13.

So your plan can say:   pay 100% of the allowed claim on the joint credit card claim of BIG BANK, and far less to everyone else.

After the plan is over

The only sticky point for the co signor, who is protected from collection on the co signed debt during the plan, is that interest that may accrue on the debt over the life of the plan.

At the end of the plan, the principal on the debt and any interest owed when the case was filed, will have been paid.  But the bankruptcy case doesn’t stop the accrual of interest at the contract rate during the plan.

The cosignor will remain liable for that interest despite the bankruptcy.

Power of Chapter 13

The co debtor stay and the ability to separately classify co signed debts is just another reason why, as a bankruptcy attorney, I love Chapter 13.

Consider

The secrets of successful Chapter 13 plans

Interviewing a bankruptcy lawyer

Wipe out tax penalties in Chapter 13

How One Family Settled Huge Debt For Pennies

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debt settlement
When he started the Chapter 13 trek, he owed $370,000 in personal loans and credit cards.

As he completes his plan, he will have settled that debt for three cents on the dollar.

No tax is due on the forgiven debt and no listed creditor can legally come back to try to collect the difference.

And that’s why I love Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

Chapter 13 in the real world

I’ve talked here lots about how Chapter 13 is structured, how plan payments are calculated, and all the nifty things Chapter 13 can do for those with bills they can’t pay.  It’s sometimes dry and dense, but you see how it works.

But here’s how it worked for one real family now completing their plan.

They confirmed a Chapter 13 that resolved their debt for 3% of what they owed when they filed.

They got five years to pay that 3%, interest free.

The payments through their plan cured any pre bankruptcy arrears on their house, in full and without interest or penalty.

They were protected from the taxing authorities while they cured delinquent property taxes.

And in our insane real estate market in the Bay Area, their home appreciated about 50%.  Appreciation that is theirs, rather than their creditors’.

Plan payment driven by asset value

Not all unsecured creditors are as lucky as the creditors in this case, who got something on their claims, even if it was only three cents.

Because the couple had some stock and other assets that weren’t exempt, their plan had to guarantee unsecured creditors a share of the $11,500 value of those non exempt assets.

Based on their income and the infamous means test, general unsecured creditors wouldn’t have gotten anything.

So, the take-away is that just what you have to pay in Chapter 13 is decided by the interaction of the kind of debts you have; the income that the law says is available to pay those debts; and the value of your non exempt assets.

But seen from the top of this mountain, Chapter 13 is powerful.  And the view of life after bankruptcy is stunning.

More

Life after bankruptcy

How Chapter 13 plan payments are calculated

Little known alternative to bankruptcy

 

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