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Tax Tips & Tidbits

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Tax filing deadline approaches, so I thought we’d gather up tax tips and little known tax strategies, especially useful if you’ve filed bankruptcy.

The Tax Deduction No One Tells You Aboutfan of bills

If you are paying mortgage interest, state taxes, back support, or business debt through a Chapter 13 plan, those payments made by the trustee may be deductible to you.  Just because the trustee cuts the check, doesn’t mean you aren’t the payor.

insolvent for tax purposesEscape Tax On Settled Debt

Proving to the IRS that you are insolvent is one way out of paying taxes on the canceled debt.  But watch out, the IRS’s definition of insolvent is different from most.

5930176734_380196d14c_zTax Software Makes A Lousy Purchase, When It Can Be Free

The IRS provides free, commercial tax prep software for those with an income of $62,000 or less.  And they partner with volunteers to provide free help with returns through VITA.

credit-squeeze-transparentHow To Escape The Flat Wrong 1099

You’ve got challenges when the creditor sends you a dead wrong 1099.  The IRS got the same, erroneous info.  What to do to avoid the tax consequence of someone’s mistake.

Tax Myth Saddles You WIth Tax ForeverShould You File The Return If You Can’t Pay The Tax

It’s a myth that filing a timely return without a check to pay the tax you owe makes you instantly exposed to collection.  Instead, here are four reasons to file the return whether or not you can pay right now.

?????Don’t Let The Tax Scammers Catch You

Stolen identities and stolen tax refunds are just two of the consequences of falling for the fake call from the “IRS”.  Here’s what to watch for to stay safe during tax season.

Spill the beans concept.The One Person You Must Tell That You Filed Bankruptcy

Hiding your bankruptcy discharge from your tax preparer can be an expensive mistake.  The bankruptcy discharge trumps (if we can still use the word) the tax on canceled debt.

chained businessman on white backgroundDitch The Tax Debt In Bankruptcy

You can get rid of tax debt in bankruptcy.  Walk through the rules that control when a tax is dischargeable without payment.  Also, help filing a return when you have no records.

More tax tips on Income Taxes in Bankruptcy on our sister site.

Bankruptcy Discharge Slays IRS Form 1099

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In a duel between a Form 1099 and a bankruptcy discharge, bankruptcy wins every time.

The prize?  no tax on debt discharged in bankruptcy.

So, if you’ve already gotten your discharge, the creditor’s 1099, with your social security number on it, is no threat.

But you do need to file another form to secure the prize.

Bankruptcy is exception to tax

Normally, when an obligation is forgiven, the tax code treats the amount of forgiveness as if it were income.  And income is exposed to tax.

Insolvency is another exception to tax on forgiven debt

But forgiveness in bankruptcy in the first exception to the rule.

Debt forgiven in bankruptcy is not treated as income.

Creditor is clueless

So, if bankruptcy is outside the IRS rule, why are you getting a form 1099?

Because there’s another rule, requiring creditors to report to the IRS, just the way your employer is required to send the IRS your W-2.

And seemingly, the creditor can’t figure out that the reason its claim is worthless is because of the bankruptcy discharge.  So it’s easier for the creditor to just send out Form 1099, and make it your problem.

Fixing the 1099 problem

The solution is simple:  file IRS form 982.

Title 11 is the part of the United States Code on bankruptcy.  Cases are filed under different chapters of that title

Form 982 is your rebuttal to the report that you have taxable income because your debt was forgiven.  Check the very first box on the form claiming the bankruptcy exception.

This debt is excluded from income because of  Discharge of indebtedness in a title 11 case 

The IRS provides a set of instructions for filing  your “get out of tax” form.  Form  982 Instructions.

Other tax consequences of discharge

If you have real property, you may have to reduce your basis in assets by the amount of debt discharged in your bankruptcy.

But thankfully, there is an exception to this rule too:  no reduction in basis is required with respect to your principal residence claimed exempt in your bankruptcy case.  IRC 1017(c).

Tax action plan

So there you have the skinny on form 1099 and your bankruptcy discharge.

Bankruptcy has other tax implications:

Taxes dischargeable in bankruptcy

Unfiled tax years are never dischargeable

Chapter 13 gets an interest-free tax repayment plan

Your accountant needs to know about your bankruptcy

What to do with a flat-wrong 1099

 

How To Wipe Out Tax Penalties In Bankruptcy

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217/365 August 5 - Found MoneyTax penalties seem like a further insult when you’re having trouble paying the tax itself.

Everything seems subject to an additional penalty:  failure to file timely;  failure to pre pay sufficiently;  failure to be accurate.

They mount up quickly, often equaling the unpaid tax.

Bankruptcy can not only eliminate your liability for certain taxes, it can wipe out the tax penalties as well.

Here’s how it works.

Three rules for discharging tax penalties

Penalties for dischargeable taxes are dischargeable

Tax penalties are tied to a particular tax year.  If the tax for that year is dischargeable in bankruptcy, the discharge wipes out the penalties too.

The formula for a dischargeable tax, roughly speaking, says you can get rid of an unsecured tax if  1) the return for that year was due more than three years before the bankruptcy was filed;  2) if the return wasn’t filed on time, it’s been on file for at least two years; and 3) the tax for that year was assessed at least 240 days before bankruptcy.

Discharge the tax, discharge the penalty.

Penalties tied to events more than three years before filing are dischargeable

If the failure that triggered the penalty happened more than three years before filing, the penalty is dischargeable.

It’s dischargeable even if the the tax for that year isn’t dischargeable, for instance, because the returns weren’t filed on time. see 11 U.S.C. 523(a)(7).

All tax penalties wiped out in Chapter 13

That’s right:  all tax penalties are discharged by a Chapter 13 discharge.  Hard to beat, right?

Chapter 13 requires that you pay in full the priority taxes and the interest that accrued up to the date the bankruptcy case was filed.  But at the end of the case, all tax penalties are wiped out, even on the priority taxes.  More on taxes in Chapter 13.

Fraught with rules

So much of discharging taxes depends on knowing the maze of rules that apply to taxes in bankruptcy.  It’s critical to get a tax transcript to verify the dates of all the important transactions.

Get experienced legal help if you want to discharge taxes and tax penalties.  This is not the time or place for the cheapest or closest bankruptcy lawyer in town.

Image courtesy Flickr and Sharon Drummond

4 Compelling Reasons To File The Tax Return Even If You Can’t Pay

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Should you file the tax return if you can’t pay the tax?

You got to the bottom of your tax return and the amount you owe is bigger than your checkbook balance.

  • Scared of filing the return for fear of immediate collection action?
  • Scared of even calculating how much you owe?  think an extension of time to file looks good?
  • Fearful that you’ll be hanging a sign around your neck:  squeeze this guy?

Nope.  It doesn’t work that way.

The IRS does not start harassing nonpayers for money on April 16th.  Or even September 16th.  They haven’t even posted the returns that have been filed by then.

Relax, breathe deeply, and file the return.

There are far more advantages to getting the return on file than risks in admitting you owe money you can’t pay.

Easy tax payment plans available

If you can’t pay the full amount of the tax owed, send a partial payment with your return.  Reduce  your debt to the tax folks as much as you can.

Nothing requires that you enter into an installment agreement for payment.  Simply send money regularly toward retiring the tax.

Put your name, social security number and the tax year you want the money credited to on the check.

If you feel the need for a formal payment agreement with the feds, you can set up a payment plan, online, if you owe less than $50,000.

Separate penalties for failure to file

If you fail to file a tax return and don’t get an extension, you expose yourself to a separate penalty for failure to file the return.

That’s on top of the penalty for failure to pay as required.

So, it’s expensive to try to drop out of sight.

Filing returns start clock ticking on escape options

Taxes don’t live forever.

There’s a collection statute of limitations that makes taxes uncollectable.  Bankruptcy laws permit the discharge of taxes of a certain age long before they expire of old age.

But both escape routes for delinquent taxes start counting from the filing of your tax return.  (More precisely, the statute of limitations starts from assessment, but filing the return is a self assessment).

Last year’s figures drive this year’s withholding

The most important reason to prepare last year’s tax return now is to get your withholding right for the current year.

Extensions to file are seductive, but dangerous.  It delays adjusting your withholding long into the current tax year to match your actual tax liability.  You don’t want to be in the hole again, do you?,

If you put off calculating just how much you owe for last year til October, you have only a few months before next April to get this year’s taxes paid in.

Closing your eyes to an underwithholding problem won’t make it go away.

Calculate what you owe, make a plan to pay it if possible, and fix your withholding or quarterly payments so you’re OK next year.

More

Tax on cancelled debt

Tackling tax liens in Chapter 13

Stop making quarterly tax payments

Discharge Taxes in Bankruptcy: Move Beyond the Myth

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bankruptcy taxes

Myths about taxes in bankruptcy are as common as myths about fire breathing dragons. 

Central to the bankruptcy tax myth is the claim that taxes can’t be discharged in bankruptcy.

Not so.  Bankruptcy can wipe out many kinds of taxes.  And that discharge can restore order to a family’s economy.

Which ones are dischargeable?  Let’s see.

Income taxes can be discharged

Three rules must be met to discharge income taxes.

  • The return for the year in question was last due without penalty more than 3 years before the bankruptcy is filed.
  • The return has been on file for at least two years.
  • Any additional assessment of tax was made more than 240 days before filing.

Essentially, the most recent tax liabilities are protected from discharge. File the return and wait long enough, and a bankruptcy discharge will eliminate your liability for the tax.

In bankruptcy lingo, income taxes where the return was due less than 3 years before the bankruptcy filing are “priority taxes”.

Priority taxes are paid ahead of many other kinds of creditors in cases where a dividend will be paid to creditors in a bankruptcy case.

It’s important to note that you start counting the three years when the return was due, including extensions. Not from when it was actually filed, and not from the end of the calendar year.

Penalties can be discharged

If the tax is dischargeable, any penalty tied to that tax is also dischargeable.

This is important since the penalties can often equal the tax that is unpaid, creating an impossible sum to repay.

The rule is more generous in Chapter 13: all unsecured penalties are dischargeable and penalties don’t have a priority for payment.

Filed return is required

The unstated requirement for discharging taxes is the filing of a return. Bankruptcy law provides no relief for those who neglect their obligation to file.

If a return wasn’t filed when due, then it must be on file for two years before the tax can be discharged.

Don’t think that you can “let the IRS file the return for you”. Unfortunately, that’s another myth. A “substitute for return”, prepared by the IRS when you don’t file a return simply isn’t treated as a “return” for bankruptcy purposes.

No return, no discharge of that year’s taxes.

Recently assessed taxes survive bankruptcy

The final rule for determining whether a tax is dischargeable looks at whether the tax was assessed within 240 days of filing. Taxes assessed within that period don’t get wiped out in bankruptcy.

Pinning down the precise date of recent assessments make it important to get a tax transcript from the IRS. That transcript will show the history on each year for which there are unpaid taxes.

Three rules for discharging taxes

So there you have the three broad rules that govern the discharge of income taxes in bankruptcy. This is the law, so things aren’t always as simple as these rules promise. The rule do cover most of the tax and bankruptcy situations involving income taxes.

If old taxes are a problem, get an experienced bankruptcy attorney to assess whether bankruptcy will get you out from under tax debt.

Stop Making Quarterly Tax Payments

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quarterly tax paymentUncle Sam expects a quarterly tax payment from the self employed.  Since you don’t get a paycheck with regular tax withholding, the burden’s on you.

Lighten the burden. Make this the last quarterly tax payment you pay.

Seriously.  Don’t make any quarterly payments for this coming year.

Think I’m advocating tax resistance?  No way.

The tax collectors  have more weapons than you want to encounter.  It’s like the advice from the era of newspapers:  don’t pick a fight with someone who buys ink by the barrel;  

Don’t spit in the face of the tax man.

Give up making them quarterly, I say.

Pay taxes monthly, just like every other recurring bill in your life.

Why quarterly tax payments invite trouble

Folks who get a paycheck have their income tax liability, or at least some estimate of that liability, deducted from each paycheck.  No fuss, and, well,  only some bother.

Their take home pay has already paid the taxes.  The paycheck is what is available to pay the bills.

Not so the self employed.

We are expected to make quarterly estimated tax payments in January, April, July, and October.

I’m sure the quarterly arrangement was seen as a convenience when instituted.

But it’s not necessarily convenient.  You have to set aside money regularly so you have a fistful come quarter day.

If you free lance or run a small business, budgeting may be the hardest think you do.  Who knows, in this economy, how much you’ll make this quarter, or how you’re going to pay the bills?

Quarterly payments invite us to fudge.

Get caught not having prepaid enough and you get  hit with penalties.

Get really behind, and it’s tax liens and levies.

Pay this year’s taxes monthly

My charge?  Add Uncle Sam to your list of creditors that you pay monthly.

Most creditors expect monthly payment:  the rent, the car payment, the credit card.  Add your estimated taxes to that list.

Income taxes are a cost of doing business.  No reason not to pay them as you go, just like the folks on salary do.

  • You avoid the need to set up a separate savings account in which to accumulate the taxes to be paid quarterly.
  • You resist the temptation to use those savings for some intervening crisis.
  • You escape the urge to make no provision “just this month”.

Making regular and smaller payments makes it easier to get the total bill paid in a manner that avoids penalties for not paying regularly.

Send your monthly income tax prepayment to the same place the quarterlies were headed.  Write on your check your Social Security number and “estimated 2017  tax liability”.

Take care of taxes monthly and you don’t find yourself in a tax hole come next April.

Here’s the IRS  on making estimated tax payments.

More on taxes

Unfiled taxes live forever

Dig out of payroll tax trouble

  Getting rid of tax liens

Find the mortgage interest deduction in Chapter 13

Image courtesy of Wikimedia.

Tax Deductions Hidden In Chapter 13

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taxesDon’t miss the tax deductions hiding in your Chapter 13 plan payments.

The same, very important debts that your Chapter 13 plan pays are often tax deductible.

And you are still the person who’s paying, even if the trustee writes the check.

Deductions in bankruptcy

Let’s look at some common deductions lurking in the Chapter 13 disbursements.

Mortgage interest  If your Chapter 13 plan is catching up on delinquent mortgage payments, the claim of the lender is probably mostly interest.

Taxes  Property taxes paid through the plan should be deductible.  Likewise, state income taxes paid by the trustee are deductible.

 Business expenses  If you operate a business in Chapter 13 or operated one before you filed, you may be paying business leases, sales taxes, or vendor debt through the plan.

Get the info you need

In my experience, you have to dig out the information on deductible payments;  I have not seen lenders sending 1098’s reporting mortgage interest paid to debtors when the checks come from the trustee.

Step by step to claiming the mortgage interest deduction

But most if not all Chapter 13 trustees are on the web, and debtors can access the trustees reports of which creditors have been paid this year.

Pull up the report of last year’s disbursements and flag the payments that are deductible.

Save the printout of the trustee’s report in case of question  by the taxing authority.  The IRS will not have gotten a matching report from the lender who got the money and hasn’t reported it to you and the IRS.

How to treat 1099’s on foreclosures and short sales

Go back to prior tax years

If your plan is paying deductible expenses and you’ve been in the bankruptcy case for several years, you may want to look at prior year trustee reports.  Overlooked deductions might justify going back to amend a prior return.

Tax returns are generally amendable for three years.

Check it out

Take this post with a grain of salt, or rather, take it to a tax professional.

I am a bankruptcy lawyer and what I know about taxes, I’ve learned on the job.  But I am convinced that Chapter 13 debtors are missing legitimate tax deductions by overlooking what the Chapter 13 trustee has paid on their behalf.

More

How to find the mortgage interest paid by Chapter 13 trustee

What your tax professional should know about tax and bankruptcy

When your Chapter 13 plan struggles

Image courtesy of 401(k)calculator.org

Keep Your Tax Refund Through Your Bankruptcy

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5642525578_b521dedaab_bFor most of us, finding out that we are getting a sizable tax refund is great news.

But if you’ve recently filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, hold your celebration.

That refund may not be yours.

You have a bankruptcy estate

When you file bankruptcy, all of your assets become a “bankruptcy estate”.  The estate includes your real estate; tangible things like cars and household goods; bank accounts; and legal rights.

Those legal rights might include the right to file a lawsuit;  your share of a class action suit; an interest in the estate of someone who has died; or your right to get back money you overpaid in taxes.

It’s not possession of the asset on the day your bankruptcy case that counts.  It’s whether the facts that entitle you to money have taken place.

So the refund is part of the estate even if you don’t receive it for months after your bankruptcy case is filed.

Tax refunds for closed tax years

If the tax year has ended when you file a bankruptcy case, any refund that follows from filing the tax return is property of the bankruptcy estate.

You may be able to claim an exemption in the refund.  An exemption removes the exempt asset from the estate and thus from the control of the bankruptcy trustee.

You get to keep your exempt assets.

If there are no exemptions available to protect the refund, the trustee will likely demand the turnover of the money.

When you file mid year

A tax refund for the year in which you filed your bankruptcy case is a bit different.  Only a fraction of the tax year ran before you filed.

Most trustees want the turnover of a fraction of the tax refund when you actually receive it.  If you file your bankruptcy case on April 1, 2017, one quarter of the 2017 tax year has run.

The trustee will want one quarter of your refund.

Do some simple tax planning

Let’s start with the mid year bankruptcy filing, where a fraction of the current year’s tax refund will be forfeit to the bankruptcy trustee.

You can fix that: see that there is no tax refund next spring.

Reduce your withholding after the bankruptcy is filed to eliminate the refund. You don’t have to continue to overpay.

A tax refund, after all, is just tangible evidence that you are paying too much tax each paycheck.  It may seem like found money when the refund check arrives, but it’s really just a loan you make to the government.  And you’re earning no interest on the loan.

File after refund spent

If you haven’t filed a bankruptcy case yet, consider waiting until after you have received the refund.

Once it’s paid to you, the refund is just money, money that you can spend on things that are either necessary or are exempt.

My favorite use of a pre filing refund is to fund your contributions to this year’s IRA.  Most people who need bankruptcy relief also need to get serious about retirement savings, too.

The only limits on what you can do with a refund you get before you file are the same as the rules about other transfers:  you can’t give money or things away to frustrate your creditors.

Or, as any experienced bankruptcy lawyer will tell you, you can use your refund to pay for the bankruptcy case.

The sooner you get out of debt, the sooner your financial life starts to make sense.

 

Image courtesy of Flickr and Great Beyond

Skip Bankruptcy’s Means Test

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skip means test

The couple was despondent when another bankruptcy attorney told them that, despite $100,000 in old taxes, they couldn’t file Chapter 7.

This fine fellow told them that the means test showed they had $3000 of disposable income per month.  A Chapter 7 would be an abuse of  bankruptcy under the law.

Only Chapter 13 was possible, he said, and the monthly payment would be $3000.  That didn’t seem like any kind of relief from debts.

Only he never apparently considered the gating question:  were their debts were “primarily consumer debts”.

He forgot the gotcha baked into the means test:  it only applies to ***consumers.***

Only consumers have to prove they are worthy of the Chapter 7 discharge.

Folks with primarily business debts or, taxes aren’t subject to the means test.

So, lots of disposable income is not a bar to Chapter 7 when your debts are primarily taxes.

Who takes the means test

So, just why are some above median income families not subject to the means test?

Bankruptcy Code § 707 allows a judge to dismiss a Chapter 7 case  filed by an individual debtor under this chapter whose debts are primarily consumer debts …. if it finds that the granting of relief would be an abuse of the provisions of this chapter.

The means test is the tool for determining whether the debtor is (supposedly) able to pay their debts.

But,  the means test only applies to debtors whose debts are “primarily consumer debts”.

So, we need to know…

What is consumer debt

The Bankruptcy Code defines consumer debt:

 The term “consumer debt” means debt incurred by an individual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose. § 101(8)

So, the gating question is:  why was the debt “incurred?”

Tort damages aren’t consumer debts either

Obviously, business debt was not incurred for a personal purpose.

Further, taxes are not incurred by choice, say the cases;  taxes are imposed by government.  And therefor, not a consumer debt.

And that’s the rule, even when the taxes are on personal, household income, or property taxes on the family home.

So, if the total of taxes (and other, non-consumer debt) is greater than the balance of the other debt a person owes, their debt is not “primarily” consumer debt.

And the means test ONLY applies to debtors whose debts are primarily consumer debts.

Skip the means test

The couple who were told that they couldn’t file Chapter 7 because of their generous income, in fact, can file Chapter 7 because their debt is overwhelmingly back taxes.

It doesn’t matter that most of their taxes are so old that the tax is dischargeable.

If it’s tax, it isn’t consumer debt.  And they don’t have to take the test.

More

Cheat sheet to pass means test

Discharging taxes

 

Got A 1099? How To Avoid Paying More Tax

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insolvent for tax purposesOne of life’s persistent gotcha’s is the tax consequence of having debt forgiven.

Did you compromise a debt, eliminate it upon foreclosure, or have your creditor simply wipe it out without payment. You may have a tax problem.

The tax code treats the forgiveness of debt as income, even though you never saw a penny of cash.

But there is hope (or a loophole, depending on your perspective).

Exceptions to canceled debt as income

Five exceptions will excuse you from paying taxes on canceled debt.

Insolvency is one.

If you are insolvent, the forgiven debt doesn’t get added to your taxable income.

Bankruptcy is the other big exception.  Debt wiped out in bankruptcy does not get added to your taxable income.

The bankruptcy exception often makes bankruptcy superior to debt settlement, and sometimes is itself the driving reason to file a bankruptcy before a foreclosure.

Are you really insolvent

Like much of the tax code, it isn’t simple to know if you are insolvent for these purposes.

The huge difference between the IRS treatment of your net worth and the way we address insolvency in bankruptcy is that the IRS includes retirement assets in the solvency calculation.

The last time I wrote about cancellation of debt and the possible tax surprise on foreclosure or short sale, I couldn’t lay my hands on the form the IRS provides to calculate insolvency.

Found it!

IRS publication 4681 contains the worksheet along with an explanation of the application of the principal that, absent an exception, debt canceled without payment is just like cash in the bank for tax purposes.

So, if you got a  form 1099 indicating your debt was canceled and it wasn’t a bankruptcy discharge that canceled it, get out the worksheet and see if you were insolvent when the debt was canceled.

If you were insolvent by the IRS reckoning, check the box on Form 982 and submit it with your return.

More on debt forgiveness

 

 

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