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How to Screw Up Your Bankruptcy

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If an asset isn’t titled to you,  it does not have to be disclosed in a bankruptcy filing.

I hear it and see it in action again and again.

If it isn’t titled to you, it will be “safe” from the bankruptcy trustee and from creditors.

And yet it is wrong.

Wrong, wrong, wrong.

Still, people transfer titles to cars and cash and quitclaim their homes to friends before bankruptcy, thinking that’s smart.

No.  It’s both dumb and dangerous.

Not only does putting your assets in the names of friends and family expose them to a lawsuit to recover the property, in extreme situations it puts your bankruptcy discharge at risk.

Actions taken to “hinder, delay or defraud” creditors are grounds for denial of discharge under 11 U.S.C. 727.

What could delay your creditors more than shedding assets without getting anything in return?

Transferring asset unlawful since Elizabeth I

Queen_Elizabeth_I_of_England_Wellcome_V0048338 (1)_optFor well more than four hundred years, the law has contained prohibitions on fraudulent transfers.

A transfer of an asset by one who has debts constitutes a fraud on creditors if

1) the transfer is for less that fair consideration; or

2) was made for the purpose of putting the asset beyond the reach of creditors; or

3) leaves the person transferring the asset with less capital than reasonably necessary to conduct their business.

So, a transfer is actionable if it’s a gift; you intended to hide the asset; or the transfer left you broke.

Consequences of fraudulent transfer

The usual remedy against the person who gets the asset is  an order requiring the return of the asset or a money judgment in the amount of its value.

The bankruptcy code has a statute empowering the recapture of transfers made within two years of filing.

In addition, the bankruptcy trustee has the rights of the debtor’s creditors under state law to recovery any property that the debtor wrongfully transferred.  In California, creditors have four years to recover fraudulent transfers.

Putting your assets in someone else’s name

So, a really quick and effective way to screw up your bankruptcy is to put your assets in the name of your mother, your kids, or your buddy, and conceal the fact from your attorney.

Sign the statement of affairs under penalty of perjury, hiding the transfer, and you are a long way toward making a real muck of things.

Yet people again and again ask “what if I put it in someone else’s name?”.

As long as they ask me, I get a chance to say “Don’t do it”.

And they have a chance to get a discharge.

More

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Bankruptcy’s 90 day rule

Do it yourself bankruptcy

 

Queen E. The First courtesy of Wellcome and Wikimedia.

Get A Bankruptcy Discharge Even Without Making All Your Payments

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You can get a Chapter 13 discharge even  without making all the plan payments you promised.

There are hoops to jump through and facts to marshal to get that discharge, but it’s possible.

The Bankruptcy Code provides for a hardship discharge in Chapter 13 to those whose failure to complete their plan is due to circumstances for which they should not be held accountable.

Those circumstances, in my practice, have included illness, job loss, advancing age, and even tax debt arising after the case was filed from the sale of property.

Requirements for hardship discharge

Three conditions have to be met to get a discharge without paying as promised.

  1. Unsecured creditors must have received at least as much as they would have if the case had been a Chapter 7.
  2. Modification of the plan isn’t possible.
  3. The inability to make payments is traceable to events out of the debtor’s control.

The debtor must file a motion for a hardship discharge and provide evidence that shows each of those factors are present in the case.

The motion can be brought anytime after confirmation.

Hardship discharge has limits

Certain debts that would be dischargeable in a fully completed Chapter 13 are not wiped out by the hardship discharge, including priority taxes or debts incurred by fraud, dishonest behavior, or intentional acts.  The complete list is found in §523.

Importantly for lots of debtors is that liens determined to be worthless at the beginning of the case still get stripped.

How lien stripping works

You’ve got to jump through the paper hoops to get the lien voided, but you are entitled to have it wiped out even with a hardship discharge.

Why not just convert?

Converting a Chapter 13 case to Chapter 7 is another alternative when you can’t complete the Chapter 13 plan or modify the plan to one you can complete.  The case remains the same case (no new filing fee, though you need to pay a few bucks to the clerk on conversion).

Three reasons stick out for getting the Chapter 13 discharge rather than converting.

  1.   A discharge in the Chapter 7 won’t happen for months;  there’s another first meeting of creditors, and a requirement to amend schedules to bring them up to date.
  2.   If you wanted to stay in control of assets or keep a Chapter 7 trustee from messing around in your finances when you first filed, those reasons probably continue.
  3.    A Chapter 13 discharge makes you eligible for bankruptcy relief in the future in the shortest time possible.

All good reasons to get a Chapter 13 discharge if you can.

More

The range of options when 13 flounders

Why I love Chapter 13

Keys to Chapter 13 success

4 Rules For Testifying At Your Bankruptcy Hearing

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BusinesswomanGoing to court for your first meeting of creditors?

What are they going to ask me?, you wonder.

My bankruptcy clients imagine a quiz on the contents of their bankruptcy papers.

Or worse, an inquisition on why they needed to file bankruptcy.

That’s not likely.  The first meeting of creditors is much more likely to be a snooze.

Jay Fleischman set out a very comprehensive list of questions a Chapter 7 trustee might ask at your bankruptcy hearing.

Let me add my rules for answering those questions.

1.  Listen to the question

Just because you’ve read Jay’s list and think you know what’s coming, listen to the trustee’s question, all the way to the end.

First of all, it’s only polite.  Second, you want to make sure that you know what the trustee wants to know.

Your answer is being recorded.  You want to make sure you are answering the question that the trustee asked.

2.  Answer truthfully

Honest disclosure is the price of getting a bankruptcy discharge.  This is not the time to be cute or tell anything less than the truth.

You are answering under oath.  You are subject to the penalties of perjury if you are intentionally are less than honest.

3.  Be brief

Answer the question that the trustee has asked, truthfully, in as few words as possible.

Don’t explain, don’t justify, don’t ramble.

Just answer the question.

If the trustee needs to know more, he can ask a follow up question.

Usually, the trustee is just trying to make a record that he has done his job.

He has a list of cases he has complete.  Don’t make his day any longer by volunteering more than he wants to know.

4.  Don’t guess

If you don’t know the answer to a question, say so.  If the answer is honest, it’s perfectly OK.

Perhaps your counsel can help.  Maybe there are documents that provide the information.

Don’t pretend to a level of certainty if you don’t really know.

All’s well

If you’ve been diligent about getting your attorney all the requested information, chances are the first meeting of creditors will be the last, and you’ll be on your way to a fresh start.

More

How to review your bankruptcy papers

What happens to your car in bankruptcy

Who to pay after you’ve filed bankruptcy

Image:  © Innovated Captures – Fotolia.com

Speak Fluent Bankruptcy

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bankruptcy terms

Bankruptcy has its own language.  If you are considering filing bankruptcy, it helps to know the language spoken there.

Master just a couple of words and phrases, and input from a bankruptcy lawyer starts to make sense.

So, in our continuing campaign for better understanding of bankruptcy, here’s a dozen phrases from the language of Bankruptcy for your meeting with a bankruptcy lawyer.

Essential bankruptcy terms

Petition – the first paper filed in a bankruptcy case that initiates the case.  It invokes the automatic stay. 

Automatic stay – an injunction against creditors that halts collection and foreclosure just because the petition has been filed. 

Schedules  = the balance of the papers filed after the petition to flesh out your bankruptcy case.  

Trustee  – the individual appointed by the Department of Justice  to oversee your filing and to represent the interests of creditors as a whole. 

U.S. Trustee – an employee of the Department of Justice who supervises trustees and monitors Chapter 11 cases with no creditors committee

Means test – a form and a formula added to consumer bankruptcy cases supposedly to ferret out bankruptcy filers who are really able to pay creditors without bankruptcy.

Discharge – the court order that makes your dischargeable unsecured debts unenforceable

Dischargeable – debts that may be wiped out in bankruptcy  

Non dischargeable  debts that are excluded from the  discharge by the terms of the Bankruptcy Code.

Reaffirm – an agreement made after filing to waive the discharge as to a particular debt.  Reaffirmation requires court approval  

Transfer  – any act that changes ownership or title to an asset, or creates a lien on an asset.

Post petition – events that happen after the petition for bankruptcy is filed.

Add some numbers to your list

Because bankruptcy is based on the Bankruptcy Code, bankruptcy types tend to use the number of some important statutes as shorthand.

341 – Section 341 requires a first meeting of creditors in every bankruptcy case.  We call that the 341 meeting.

523 –  This is the section that lists the debts that are non-dischargeable.  Several subsections require an affected creditor to prove his debt is non dischargeable.

727 – This section sets out the circumstances when a discharge can be denied altogether.  It can be brought by a creditor or the trustee for the benefit of all creditors.

Bankruptcy chapters come next

Different chapters of the Bankruptcy Code provide for different kinds of bankruptcy cases that may be filed.

Chapter 7  – a liquidation bankruptcy case available to individuals and business entities, but not trusts or estates.

Chapter 13  – a reorganization case for individuals with debts under certain limits.

Chapter 11  – a more complex reorganization case for individuals and business entities without debt limits

Chapter 12  – a simplified reorganization proceeding for family farmers

Use your words

Now that you have a working bankruptcy vocabulary, start talking to a bankruptcy lawyer to find out how these concepts work in real life.

Don’t be afraid to ask questions.  There is no reason why you should immediately understand this very specialized area of law.

Even when you understand the concepts, how those concepts apply to your situation, and how they interact with each other is what’s really important.

Make sure you pick a bankruptcy lawyer willing to take your questions and to deliver answers that you can understand.

More

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What makes a bankruptcy lawyer great

What should bankruptcy cost?

When Can I File Bankruptcy Again

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calendarYou can file bankruptcy tomorrow, so long as you don’t currently have a bankruptcy case pending.

When you can get a discharge in that case is a different story.

The Bankruptcy Code limits the frequency of getting a discharge, not the filing and completion of the bankruptcy case.

My friend Gene Melchionne wrote a marvelous piece about the timing of the bankruptcy discharge that conjures up the old high school cheer:  2, 4, 6, 8, who do we appreciate.

The waiting period between cases, if you want a discharge, can be 2 years, 4 years, 6 years or 8 years, depending on what kind of case you filed before and what kind of case you want to file now.

You count those years from the filing of the first case to the filing of the second case.

But, contrary to the usual thinking, the discharge isn’t everything.

Sounds like heresy from a bankruptcy lawyer, doesn’t it,  but let me tell you a couple of stories.

The no discharge Chapter 7

My client had a house with equity, a recent bankruptcy discharge, and a criminal conviction that had him heading to prison, soon.

He faced a future with no income and no way to pay the mortgage.  And at the point he didn’t live in the property, his right to claim a California homestead in the property was in doubt. [Read more…]

What Should Bankruptcy Cost?

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pay for bankruptcyPick the cheapest bankruptcy lawyer and it could really cost you.

It seems the newest specialty for bankruptcy lawyers is fixing mucked-up cases from other  lawyers.

The extra cost of repairing a case gone bad is only half the problem. Not all the problems created by the bargain basement lawyer can be fixed.

Even when the case can be saved,  the clients will end up paying twice: one to the cheapo lawyer, and once to us to clean it up.

Undoubtedly, they’ll pay more than if  they’d paid for competent counsel to do it right the first time.

Bankruptcy mistakes

Right now, in my office we have three conversions from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7 involving significant real estate assets.

We have cases where big ticket assets were omitted.  We have cases where the initial attorney just didn’t persist with the debtor to get the schedules right, and ones where counsel didn’t explore the choice of chapter.

Almost without exception, the debtors chose counsel based on price.  They went with the lower price for their bankruptcy case, and they bought a rat’s nest.

Cost conscious only at the end

Why is it that notions of economy only surface after a client has wracked up tens of thousands of dollars in debt?

Many of the debtors gave more thought to credit card expenditures or purchases of investment real estate during the boom than they give to picking a bankruptcy lawyer.

The influx of lawyers to this field and the prevalence of lawyer advertising suggest bankruptcy law is a commodity.  Lawyers with no track record to tout or past clients to spread the word  compete on price.  If you can buy a $15 toaster, why pay $30? goes the thinking.

What a lawyer adds

The existence of non lawyer petition preparers and do-it-yourself books reinforce the idea that bankruptcy is more like playing Go Fish than contract bridge.

Bankruptcy no place for do-it-yourself

Then, there are the official forms, suggesting that filing bankruptcy is all about the paper and not about the disclosure the paper requires.

What the bankruptcy papers require

And disclosure is what the forms are all about, and the system wants disclosure because there may be consequences to the stuff disclosed.

Quality of counsel is not reliably correlated with price:  I’ve seen some utter newbie lawyers charging more than highly skilled veterans for an inferior product.  But capable counsel is seldom the cheapest.

So, my charge to those needing bankruptcy relief is to consider that hiring the least expensive lawyer is a poor bargain.

Figure how much should you pay for bankruptcy

Another time, I’ll talk about how to assess a lawyer’s suitability for your case.

Questions to ask a bankruptcy lawyer before you file

Image courtesy of purpleslog.

Fearmongering and The Decision to File Bankruptcy

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The unknown is often fearful.

My colleague Peter Orville wrote

It is natural to be afraid of doing something you’ve never done before, like filing for bankruptcy protection. This is especially true if you’ve heard stories about why you shouldn’t file bankruptcy.

Peter has it right.  Some trepidation is natural.

My beef is that the fear of bankruptcy is promoted by those with something to gain by demonizing bankruptcy.

Fearmongers hope to profit

The stories about why you shouldn’t file are plants.

Not growing plants, but like planted evidence:  something intended to trap, decoy, or lure, as criminals.

It’s the creditors, their cohorts, the credit scoring folks, and the debt settlement companies who want you to think that filing bankruptcy is the end of life as we know it.

You know why they do it?

Each of those sources profit if consumers are scared off from filing bankruptcy.

If they can keep you paying the debt, whether or not you can ever pay it off, or keep you scared enough to pay them to make it go away, they prosper.

No one sits in judgment 

My charge to clients is that bankruptcy is not painful.  Or at least, any pain  you experience is self inflicted.

You can make yourself (or allow yourself) to feel as miserable and worthless as you choose to do so.  No one associated with the courts, including trustees, is judgmental.

A debtor does not have to justify his choice of bankruptcy relief and does not have to prove he is “worthy” of a discharge.  Eligibility for a discharge, even after bankruptcy reform, is presumed.

I have a perverse admiration for clients who have endured the pain and despair of financial distress for as long as most of them have before seeking me out.

But life does not have to be that way;  bankruptcy is an honest and effective choice.

There is nothing to be afraid of.

More

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What should bankruptcy cost

Credit reports heal

How Chapter 13 Cuts Car Loan Down To Size

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car in bankruptcy

Car lenders who make new car loans with an underwater trade-in will face the music in Chapter 13.

The Supreme Court declined to review a 9th Circuit decision that stripped car loans of their protected specially protected status in bankruptcy; as a result, Californians will continue to benefit from the debtor-friendly decision in Penrod, rising out of a San Francisco bankruptcy case.

The question in Penrod

At issue was whether the prohibition on cramming down the debt on a vehicle purchased within 910 days of a bankruptcy filing protected “negative equity” financed in the car purchase.

“Negative equity” is the debt in excess of the trade in’s value. That left-over debt is added to the total of the new car loan and is unrelated to the value of the purchased vehicle.

And BAPCPA, the bankruptcy “reform” act of 2005 prohibited reducing a secured claim on a vehicle purchased within 910 days of the bankruptcy.  But did it similarly protect that part of the loan that wasn’t really related to the cost of the vehicle purchased?

Penrod facts

In Penrod, the Redwood City resident had traded in a car worth $6,000 on which she owed $13,000.  The new car loan included $7000 necessary to pay off the debt on the trade in.

The legal issue is whether that left over debt should enjoy the projections extended car sellers in BAPCPA for purchase money loans on the debtor’s car.

Every other circuit that addressed the question has given purchase money protection to the entire debt including the negative equity portion of the new loan.

The 9th Circuit held the negative equity was not purchase money as to the current car.  The appeals court remanded the case for the bankruptcy court to figure out how to apportion the payments made before bankruptcy between the purchase money element and the leftover debt element.

It’s surprising to me that SCOTUS didn’t accept cert on Penrod, since there is clearly a split among the circuits and it seems to this California bankruptcy lawyer that the Supremes take great pleasure in overturning the 9th Circuit.

But I’ll take a victory however it presents itself and await a decision on how to calculate what can be trimmed from a debtor’s car loan in bankruptcy.

Image  Snackariah under a Creative Commons license

Can A Trust Protect You In Bankruptcy?

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protect assets

Can a trust protect your assets from loss?

According to the lawyer advertising and the self-help books, everyone needs a revocable trust.

The asset protection industry loves irrevocable trusts to get assets out of your name so your creditors can’t reach your wealth.

So, do trusts work in bankruptcy to change the rights of debtors and their creditors?

Not so much.

What’s a revocable trust

A revocable trust is also called a living trust.  It’s created during the lifetime of the person putting their assets in trust.

The settlor, the person creating the trust, can unwind the trust altogether.  Or, the settlor can extract one or more assets from the trust.  It’s revocable.

The appeal of a revocable trust is that assets owned by a trust don’t need to be probated at the settlor’s death.  The terms of the trust determine who gets the trust assets.

I find revocable trusts useful to manage assets of the aging or the incapacitated.

Title to trust assets in a revocable reads:  George Smith, Trustee.  The asset appears to no longer be George’s asset, personally, but the asset of his trust.

Many people would like to think that George’s creditors can’t reach the asset if George doesn’t pay his debts.  Is it so? [Read more…]

4 Keys To Chapter 13 Success

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successful Chapter 13

How do I make a Chapter 13 plan that succeeds?

That’s important because a successful Chapter 13 lets you

keep your assets,

keep control of your income, and

discharge more debts than any other form of bankruptcy.

Yet a distressing number of Chapter 13’s fail before they reach the finish line.

Debtor writes the plan

One powerful characteristic of Chapter 13 is that the debtor writes the payment plan.

How Chapter 13 works

Not the judge, not the trustee, not some anonymous “they”.  You.

The court must confirm it, but creditors don’t have to like it or support it for it to become the order of the court.

The plan sets out how much money you will pay in every month, and tells the trustee whom to pay with that money.

So,  how do you craft a plan that you can follow and will get you to your goals?  What plan elements increase the odds of success?

1.  Don’t overreach

Biting off too much to chew (or really, to pay) dooms more Chapter 13 plans than anything else in the debtor’s control.

And that usually comes down to trying to save a house with a loan badly in arrears. Or, keeping a vehicle with a huge unpaid balance.

Bankruptcy allows you to choose whether to continue paying on debts secured by things you own.  Chapter 13 differs from Chapter 7 in that it provides you protection from creditors and a space to catch up on secured debts that are delinquent.

But some other debts must, by law, be paid in Chapter 13.  Child support and recent taxes are the two most frequent examples.  Those debts have a  priority under the law, and must be paid in full through the plan.

Since secured debts are usually paid first by the Chapter 13 trustee, the first dollars into your plan pay for those secured debts you choose to pay.

If  later you are unable to fund the plan, you can find yourself tossed out of bankruptcy, still behind on house and car, AND owing the feds and your ex.

Sometimes, the most valuable thing a bankruptcy provides is a chance to walk away from deals you can’t afford any longer.

2.  Be real about the cost of living

Bankruptcy is unlike many kinds  of legal representation where you can hand the problem to a lawyer and go on about your life.

Not in Chapter 13.

Chapter 13 requires that you help your lawyer present a budget for the life of your plan that is realistic.  Nothing good comes of estimating that you can feed a family of four on $200/month, or that you can operate an older car for just the price of gas.

Make unrealistic assumptions about ongoing living expenses, so that the plan appears to work, just pushes the next crisis a bit down the road.

Think about the real cost of running your house and nurturing your family.  Make provisions in the projected budget for those expenses that come around but not on a monthly schedule.

3.  Opt for automatic payments

Have your Chapter 13 payment automatically deducted from your paycheck, or your bank account, and you stand a far better chance of completing your plan.

It’s simply easier to look at what’s in the account and spend what’s available than it is to spend such that enough is left to make the Chapter 13 payment.

‘Nuff said.

4.  Cling to a capable lawyer

Your bankruptcy lawyer is yours for the duration of the plan.  Stay in touch.

Before there’s a crisis, or even a change that cramps your ability to make plan payments, pick up the phone.  Tell your lawyer what you’re facing.

Be proactive in solving problems before those problems prompt the Chapter 13 trustee to dismiss your case.

You may be eligible to reduce your payments, to surrender the collateral for some debt, or to suspend payments for a while.

If not, your choices may include converting to Chapter 7,  asking for a hardship discharge, or simply voluntarily dismissing your case.

Your lawyer can help you figure out which of the options works best for you.

Most problems in Chapter 13 are solved more effectively and more cheaply when you are proactive in facing those problems early.

Don’t be a stranger to your lawyer.

More

How to interview a bankruptcy lawyer

Why I love Chapter 13

If your Chapter 13 is in trouble

 

 

 

 

643 Bair Island Road
Suite 403
Redwood City, CA 94063
Phone: (650) 694-4700

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